神経発達症

自閉スペクトラム症・注意欠如多動症・限局性学習症の受診数増加、診断の年齢層分布、児童思春期と成人例。

本ページの概要

本ページは「神経発達症」について、患者調査・制度・文献・可視化リソースを統合してご紹介します。 内容は月次の自動更新で随時追記されます。

患者調査（時系列）

出典: 厚生労働省 患者調査

年 F84_総患者数_千人 F84_入院_千人 F84_外来_千人 F90_総患者数_千人 F90_入院_千人 F90_外来_千人 神経発達症計_千人 備考
1999 1.5 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.4 2.0 患者調査（自閉症・精神遅滞混在期）
2002 2.2 0.8 1.4 0.9 0.1 0.8 3.1 —
2005 3.8 1.0 2.8 2.4 0.2 2.2 6.2 神経発達症者支援法施行（2005年）
2008 7.1 1.4 5.7 5.8 0.3 5.5 12.9 コンサータ承認（2007年）・ストラテラ承認（2009年）前後
2011 14.2 1.8 12.4 12.1 0.3 11.8 26.3 ASD概念拡大（アスペルガー・高機能自閉症の認知普及）
2014 19.6 2.1 17.5 18.9 0.3 18.6 38.5 成人ADHD診断増加開始
2017 27.8 2.0 25.8 22.3 0.3 22.0 50.1 —
2020 35.7 1.8 33.9 34.1 0.2 33.9 69.8 COVID-19：外来オンライン診療拡大・受診増加
2023 50.1 1.6 48.5 56.2 0.2 56.0 106.3 推計値（令和5年患者調査）

制度変遷メモ

神経発達症 診療体制・政策変遷メモ

主要制度転換点

1993年 — 障害者基本法改正

  • 精神障害が障害として認定される契機
  • 神経発達症は独立して認識されていなかった（精神遅滞・自閉症は別枠）

2005年 — 神経発達症者支援法施行

  • ASD・LD・ADHDが「神経発達症」として法的に定義
  • 都道府県に神経発達症者支援センター設置義務
  • 診断・支援体制の整備が本格化

2007年 — コンサータ（メチルフェニデート徐放製剤）承認

  • 小児ADHD治療薬として承認（18歳未満）
  • 専用流通管理システム（ADHD適正流通管理システム）導入
  • 処方医・調剤薬局の登録制

2009年 — ストラテラ（アトモキセチン）承認

  • 非刺激薬のADHD治療薬として承認
  • コンサータの規制が厳しい成人への処方が可能に

2012年 — 成人ADHDへのコンサータ適応拡大

  • 18歳以上への処方が可能に
  • 成人ADHD診断・治療需要が急増

2013年 — DSM-5改訂

  • ASDの診断カテゴリ統合（アスペルガー・高機能自閉症→ASD）
  • ADHDの成人診断基準が実質的に緩和（12歳までに症状があれば良い）
  • 日本でも2014年頃から影響が顕在化

2016年 — 神経発達症者支援法改正

  • 「社会的障壁」概念の導入
  • 就労支援・教育支援の強化
  • 高校・大学等での支援義務化

2019〜 — COVID-19前夜

  • ASD・ADHD診断数が過去最高を更新
  • 神経発達症外来の待機期間：平均6〜12ヶ月以上に延伸
  • 小児精神科医の絶対的不足が顕在化

2020〜 — COVID-19期

  • オンライン診療の時限的解禁→神経発達症外来にも一部普及
  • 登校困難・社会的孤立によるASD/ADHD症状の顕在化
  • 診断需要がさらに急増

2023〜 — 現在

  • 成人神経発達症外来の急増（精神科一般外来でも診断）
  • グレーゾーン・自己診断の増加
  • 支援リソースの逼迫：神経発達症支援センター待機1〜2年の施設も

診療体制上の課題

課題 状況
専門医不足 小児精神科医約700人（2023年推計）。人口10万人あたり約0.6人
診断待機 初診まで6ヶ月〜2年待ちが常態化
成人移行 小児→成人への移行期支援が不十分
地域格差 都市部集中、農村部でのアクセス困難
保険診療 神経発達症専門外来は診療報酬上の評価が低い

関連文献

出典: PubMed 等。最新登録順。 全 47 件中、最新 15 件を表示しています。

  1. Pascual-Morena C, Martínez-García I, Lucerón-Lucas-Torres M, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez E, Reynolds-Cortez V, et al. Prevalence of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in Noonan syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of pediatrics (2025). PMID: 41310115 DOI
  2. Kolari TA, Vuori M, Rättö H, Varimo EA, Aronen ET, et al. Incidence of ADHD medication use among Finnish children and adolescents in 2008-2019: a need for practice changes?. Scandinavian journal of public health (2025). PMID: 38425045 DOI
  3. Denis C, Boucaud-Maitre D, Brunelin J, Jurek L, Vallet W, Demily C. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in homeless children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience (2025). PMID: 40176288 DOI
  4. Daniele K, Raudenská J, Javůrková A. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with epilepsy: Preliminary prevalence and associated factors in a Czech sample. Epilepsy research (2025). PMID: 40929970 DOI
  5. Cha Y, Choi JJ, Aluri J. Prevalence of Self-Reported Diagnoses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Post-secondary Students in the U.S.: A Narrative Review. Current psychiatry reports (2025). PMID: 41389141 DOI
  6. Li M, Meng ZY, Li Q, Yang JT, Min KY, Hu ZM. Autism Spectrum Disorders in China: An Analysis of Temporal Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and DALYs (1990-2021) Based on GBD 2021 Data. Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih (2025). PMID: 41487031 DOI
  7. Li Lin CY, Huang YJ, Lin HC, Tsai ML, Ku JT, et al. Increased incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with early and prolonged exposure to antibiotics: A population-based retrospective cohort study. Pediatrics and neonatology (2026). PMID: 40527658 DOI
  8. Cooc N, Bacon-Yates A, Gee KA. Obesity prevalence in two national cohorts of children with disabilities: Patterns over time and by disability subgroups. Disability and health journal (2026). PMID: 40619292 DOI
  9. Hart VR', Koet LBM, Schouten BWV, Velek P, Bindels PJE, Gerger H. Mental health problems in children and young people in Dutch general practice: trends in incidence and consultation rates from 2016 to 2022. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology (2026). PMID: 40681730 DOI
  10. Johnson S, Lim E, Jacoby P, Faraone SV, Su BM, et al. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/hyperkinetic disorder of pediatric and adult populations in clinical settings: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Molecular psychiatry (2026). PMID: 40877470 DOI
  11. Mehari A, Zeleke S. Prevalence, trends in, and factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in low- and low-middle income countries (LLMICs): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in developmental disabilities (2026). PMID: 41422611 DOI
  12. Furnier SM, Gangnon R, Durkin MS. Trends Over Time in the Prevalence of Autism by Adaptive and Intellectual Functioning Levels. Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research (2026). PMID: 41457676 DOI
  13. Kebede SA, Williams K, Alshawsh MA, Brignell A. Global Prevalence of Children With Complex Communication Needs With or Without Autism or Intellectual Disability: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International journal of language & communication disorders (2026). PMID: 41489417 DOI
  14. Abanoz E, Cicek AU, Ucuz I, Arslan SC, Sari SA, Sireli O. Who Is Most at Risk? Exploring the Prevalence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Children With Intellectual Disability by Age, Sex, Severity, and Socioeconomic Background. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID (2026). PMID: 41577637 DOI
  15. Lopez-Espejo M, Nuñez A. Medical comorbidities in autistic children: prevalence, sex-specific clustering, and network patterns at diagnosis in a Chilean cohort. European journal of pediatrics (2026). PMID: 41545536 DOI
過去の文献 32 件を表示
  1. Greger HK, Kayed NS, Lehmann S, Jozefiak T, Lydersen S, et al. Prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders among young adults with a history of residential youth care - a two-wave longitudinal study of stability and change. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience (2026). PMID: 40287873 DOI
  2. Turnage DM, Conner NE. Profound Autism Prevalence and Impact on Parental Caregiver Quality of Life. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services (2026). PMID: 40663711 DOI
  3. Pettinger K, Blower S, Boyle E, Hewitt C, Fraser L. Incidence of developmental disorders and special educational needs and disabilities in children in the UK. Developmental medicine and child neurology (2026). PMID: 40671178 DOI
  4. Alessandri-Bonetti A, Guglielmi F, Faustini A, Sangalli L, Staderini E, Gallenzi P. Prevalence of OSA Risk and Bruxism in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research (2026). PMID: 41261922 DOI
  5. Schauer J, Aljohani OA, Cantor R, Fraser A, Haregu F, et al. Psychoactive Medication Use in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients: An Assessment of Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes. Pediatric transplantation (2026). PMID: 41603254 DOI
  6. Fyfe C, Winell H, Dougherty J, Gutmann DH, Kolevzon A, et al. Time trends in the male to female ratio for autism incidence: population based, prospectively collected, birth cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (2026). PMID: 41638711 DOI
  7. Stamp J, Dupéré V, Pelletier-Dumas M, Ahn JS, Plante I, Archambault I. High-Incidence Learning-Related Disabilities, Gender, and Educational and Employment Outcomes in Young Adulthood. Journal of learning disabilities (2026). PMID: 40391564 DOI
  8. Ryan JE, Herens A, Fruchtman M, Veliz P, Kelly EL, Worster B. Cannabis Use in a Community-Based Sample of Adults Diagnosed With ADHD: Prevalence, Impact on Symptoms, and Stimulant Side Effects. Journal of attention disorders (2026). PMID: 40874736 DOI
  9. Grant Tejada MP, Klomhaus AM, Ortiz R, Tibbe TD, Nwaobi SE. Migraine prevalence and phenotype in autism: A retrospective cohort study using a US National Health Survey and large academic health system electronic health record. Headache (2026). PMID: 41459835 DOI
  10. Caron AAV, Poluha RL, Dias MF, Flores DM, Sanchéz-Ayala A, et al. Cognitive and Orofacial Intersections: prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in individuals with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB (2026). PMID: 41880467 DOI
  11. AlQurashi FO, Alrasan RA, Mohamed RN, Alzahrani NM, Mohammedhussain AA, et al. Prevalence of ADHD Among Saudi Children and Adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health (2026). PMID: 42074375 DOI
  12. Che Daud AZ, Mohd Nayan NA, Toran H, Ilias K, Kamal Nor N, et al. How Screening and Diagnostic Tools Shape Autism Prevalence in School-Aged Children: A Bibliometric-Systematic Review (2015-2025). Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research (2026). PMID: 41674343 DOI
  13. Farhadian M, Jazayeri Sureshjani SF, Seddigh R, Soraya S. Prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Inpatient Substance Users and the Relative Comorbidities: A Study in Iranian Psychiatric Hospitals from 2019 to 2022. Journal of dual diagnosis (2026). PMID: 42071284 DOI
  14. Kumar J, Hartzell C, Abelson E, Mano KJ, Chidambaran V. Prevalence, Expression, Assessment, Mechanisms, and Management of Pain in Autistic Children: A Scoping Review. A&A practice (2026). PMID: 41944793 DOI
  15. Śmilowska K, Szejko N, Owczarek AJ, Tomczak K, van Wamelen DJ, Müller-Vahl KR. The Prevalence of Tic Disorders in Poland: Regional and Sex Differences. Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) (2026). PMID: 42007310 DOI
  16. Huyst V, Van Praet J, Tsoumanis A, Vanbaelen T, Sauvage AS, et al. Prevalence of autistic traits in people living with HIV and users of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: a cross-sectional study in Belgian HIV reference centres. AIDS care (2026). PMID: 41046321 DOI
  17. Gemeda TT, Mohangi K, Scherman V. Prevalence of Socio-Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties and Determinants Among Public School Adolescents in Hawassa, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia. The International journal of social psychiatry (2026). PMID: 41199674 DOI
  18. Yeşiloğlu C, Tamam L, Demirkol ME, Şenbayram Güzelbaba Ş, Çetin Demirtaş S, et al. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Psychiatric Outpatients Aged 65 and Over: Prevalence, Impulsivity, and Clinical Outcomes. Clinical gerontologist (2026). PMID: 41773320 DOI
  19. Santos JCCD, Santos LSD, Gonçalves CL. Brazil's first national census estimate of autism prevalence: Implications for surveillance and policy in the Global South. Autism : the international journal of research and practice (2026). PMID: 41807126 DOI
  20. Chahmi-Tahiri C, Pecci-Lloret MP, García-Ríos P, Pérez-Guzmán N. Caries Prevalence in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Literature. Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry (2026). PMID: 42117313 DOI
  21. Lopez-Espejo M. Trends in the age-standardized prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in South America, 1990-2023. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria (2026). PMID: 42119985 DOI
  22. Adamis D, Zhang T, Gavin B, McNicholas F. Prevalence and moderators of personality disorders in adults with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry research (2026). PMID: 41849922 DOI
  23. Kusunoki M et al. Caregivers' Attitudes toward Pharmacotherapy in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Japan. Int J Dev Neurosci (2026). PMID: 41937632 DOI
  24. Liu J et al. Global Inequality and Future Burden of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Brain Behav (2026). PMID: 41943266 DOI
  25. Matsumoto Y et al. Suicidal ideation among junior high school students with autism spectrum disorder in Japan. PCN Rep (2026). PMID: 41503027 DOI
  26. Cortese S et al. ADHD (over)diagnosis: fiction, fashion and failure. Br J Psychiatry (2026). PMID: 41787830 DOI
  27. Cui Z et al. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria Changes, COVID-19, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis Rates in People Younger Than 30 Years. JAMA Netw Open (2026). PMID: 41949868 DOI
  28. Kotake K et al. Impact of regulatory changes in methylphenidate extended-release dispensing on prescription trends for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Japan. J Pharm Health Care Sci (2025). PMID: 41430635 DOI
  29. Takaesu Y et al. Prevalence of somatic diseases in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Japan. Front Psychiatry (2024). PMID: 38419898 DOI
  30. Okada T et al. Psychiatric comorbidities in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population-based study in Japan. Front Psychiatry (2024). PMID: 39512898 DOI
  31. Minami S et al. Autism spectrum disorder with and without regression: a population-based birth cohort study in Japan. Autism Res (2025). PMID: 40999908 DOI
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